James Abercromby (1707-1775) was a British politician and colonial administrator. He served as attorney-general for South Carolina (1730-1745), agent for North Carolina (1747-1757), agent for the North Carolina Assembly (1758-1760), agent for Virginia (1754-1761), agent for the Virginia governor and Council (1761-1774), and deputy auditor general of plantations (1757-1765).

Abercromby was the cousin of a British general with the same name. His surname can be found spelled "Abercromby" or "Abercrombie."